We all know that women tend to live longer than men, but the various factors as to what causes gender-specific aging is only now being understood. A team of researchers from the United States believe they have discovered why female and male brains age differently. They say it could potentially be due to a specific gene that revitalizes the brain in females. While both females and males have an X chromosome, women have two, whereas men have a Y chromosome instead. For a long time, it was assumed that only one X chromosome was active, and that the other one didn’t have any role. However, this new study has revealed that this is not really true.
The Secret Life of the Other X Chromosome
The ‘silent’ X chromosome in women is thought to settle in the ‘Barr body’, a part of the cell where it cannot express many genes. However, in actuality, it becomes more apparent in the later stages of life. Studies involving mice equivalent in age to 65 year old humans revealed that this 2nd X chromosome ‘awakens’ and starts to express specific genes that maintain brain health and functionality. So far, they have discovered around 20 genes linked to memory and brain development that become active in older female mouse brains. PLP1 is one of these genes and plays an important role in the production of myelin. This substance helps insulate brain cells and allows them to communicate better. After boosting PLP1 levels in both male and female mice, the researchers noted a marked improvement in learning abilities and memory.
This suggests that the additional chromosome potentially serves as a backup system, offering a time-delayed layer of protection against gender-specific aging. According to the author of the paper, Margaret Gadek, “We immediately thought this might explain how women’s brains remain resilient in typical ageing because men wouldn’t have this extra X”. Based on their findings, the researchers strongly feel that this discovery could significantly impact how we perceive and manage gender-specific aging. It also raises several important questions about how this information will change therapies. As Dr. Dubal asks, “Are there interventions that can amplify genes like PLP1 from the X chromosome to slow the decline – for both women and men – as we age?”
Could This Discovery Impact Future Treatments?
Scientists could potentially look for treatments that mirror the effects of these ‘awakening’ genes in men and women. Gene therapy, for instance, could be implemented to increase PLP1 synthesis or other protective genes in aging male brains. This could maybe lower the risk of developing certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Furthermore, medications that target the X chromosome’s gene expression could be an innovative approach to maintaining cognitive function in both genders. Yet, when it comes to preventing cognitive decline, it’s not just about the genes.
While genetics definitely play a role in brain aging, lifestyle choices such as diet, physical activity, and interaction with others are still critical for maintaining good cognitive health. Many studies have shown that mental stimulation, physical activity, and strong social bonds can all help slow down all aging, not just gender-specific aging. This means that even as scientists learn more about genetic therapies, lifestyle interventions will remain a crucial aspect of brain health for both men and women.
The Bottom Line on Gender-Specific Aging
This study explains why women’s brains may be more resilient to aging than men’s – especially in their senior years. For women, the second X chromosome, which was for many years thought to not have any purpose, suddenly reactivates in later life, revitalising their brains. It is this genetic advantage that enables women to sustain cognitive health and live longer than men. The researchers hope to eventually be able to mimic these effects in men using novel treatments. Yet, genetics are not the only factor, and a healthy lifestyle is equally as important for cognitive health. Keep physically active, keep socially active, and make sure to eat healthy too!