This Vitamin Deficiency Can Mimic Symptoms of Dementia. Here’s What To Look Out For

The United States continues to experience a rise in dementia cases annually, with around 5.8 million people currently afflicted with this disease. Therefore, if someone you know starts to show signs of dementia, it is easy to assume they are afflicted. However, numerous other ailments share the same symptoms as dementia, such as a vitamin B12 deficiency. These symptoms include cognitive impairment, such as memory loss. This deficiency is also most prevalent in older individuals, as the body struggles to fully absorb this vitamin with age. This article will explore the ways to recognize the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, and how to differentiate them from dementia. 

The Role and Sources of Vitamin B12

While vitamin B12 naturally occurs in certain foods, it is also commonly ingested in the form of prescription medicines or dietary supplements. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in central nervous system function and development, including the spinal cord and brain. [1] It also plays a crucial role in the production of DNA. Our bodies do not produce this vitamin, so we rely on outside sources such as dairy, meat, eggs, and vitamin B12 supplements. The average adult requires around 2.4 micrograms of this vitamin daily. However, individuals who are pregnant or breastfeeding typically require more. 

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What Causes Vitamin B12 Deficiency? 

There are several factors that could potentially lead to a deficiency of vitamin B12 in the human body. It has been shown that following a vegan diet for many years can lead to a vitamin B12 deficiency. [2] However, this deficiency may not be noticed by those following a vegan diet for a few years. This is because the human body stores traces of the vitamin for a long time. Certain medications can also cause a vitamin B12 deficiency, such as metformin ( a diabetes medication), and medication that treat GERD. These medications inhibit the secretion of stomach cell proteins which transport B12 to the small intestine, where absorption usually occurs. [3] Other factors leading to a vitamin B12 deficiency include having Crohn’s or celiac disease or having weight loss surgery. 

The Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Vitamin B12 plays an important role in energy production, hence why fatigue is a common symptom of deficiency. Along with several other symptoms, fatigue can often be confused as a symptom of dementia. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can also lead to confusion, forgetfulness, and struggling to accomplish tasks or concentrate. People with severe deficiencies also often suffer from paranoia and delusions – symptoms also commonly exhibited with dementia. Other symptoms include mental fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, yellow skin, diarrhea, and vomiting. 

Differentiating Between Dementia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Symptoms

Doctors are not able to tell if an individual has dementia or a vitamin deficiency from a physical exam alone. They cannot differentiate between the two solely based on cognitive symptoms. [4] However, if an individual experiences an onset of gastrointestinal issues in addition to cognitive issues, it could point to a deficiency of vitamin B12. Doctors view the combination of mental and bodily issues as a common indicator of treatable ailments such as a B12 deficiency. 

The Detection of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Once a B12 deficiency is suspected, a doctor will typically order that blood samples be taken so that your B12 levels can be checked. However, low B12 levels do not guarantee that the cause is solely from a deficiency. It is also prevalent in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Sometimes it is a sign that there may be multiple factors causing a deficiency. Therefore, doctors typically recommend that patients take a B12 supplement and observe their progress. If their symptoms disappear after taking a supplement, other potential causes can be dismissed. 

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When an Individual Exhibits Dementia-Like Symptoms

Professionals suggest that people see a doctor for evaluation as soon as they start to exhibit dementia symptoms. Many people skip an evaluation based on the assumption that their cognitive decline is simply an inevitable symptom of aging. However, this is not true, and it is vitally important to assess the cause of the cognitive decline. During an evaluation, your blood will be tested for vitamin deficiencies and any other factors linked to dementia-like symptoms. If it turns out to simply be a B12 deficiency, then you will be prescribed supplements. If the issue stems from the use of medications that inhibit B12 absorption, the doctor may recommend a prescription change. 

The Bottom Line on Vitamin B12 and Dementia

While dementia may be a life-threatening disease, B12 deficiency can be easily treated. However, it is vital to find out which is the cause of your symptoms. If it is simply a vitamin deficiency, then supplements can be prescribed. However, if they turn out to be symptoms of something more serious, such as dementia, then early intervention is required. If you are experiencing symptoms like fatigue, yellowish skin, and weight loss, see a healthcare professional as soon as possible. 

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