Cervical cancer often remains a background concern to many women, and only during an annual check-up brings it into focus. However, gaining a clear understanding of this common yet preventable disease is important. Empowering yourself with information can change outcomes.
What exactly is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cervical cancers start with changes in normal cells that gradually develop into cancer over time.
Here’s the thing, almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. With approximately 14,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year, it’s the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide.
Warning signs you shouldn’t ignore
Cervical cancer is sneaky. In its early stages, it typically causes no symptoms at all. That’s why regular screenings are so important, they can catch changes before symptoms even appear. When symptoms do show up, they might include:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or after menopause)
- Heavier than normal periods or bleeding that lasts longer than usual
- Pain during intercourse
- Unusual vaginal discharge that may contain blood
- Pelvic pain
You should take note, that these symptoms can be caused by many conditions besides cancer. But if you’re experiencing any of them, it’s worth checking with your healthcare provider rather than brushing them aside.
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Risk factors: What raises your chances?
Not every woman faces the same risk when it comes to cervical cancer. Several factors can influence your likelihood of developing this disease:
- HPV infection: The single most significant risk factor, present in nearly all cervical cancer cases.
- Smoking: Tobacco use doubles your cervical cancer risk compared to non-smokers. The harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage cervical cells and make them more vulnerable to HPV.
- Weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV or medications that suppress immunity increase risk.
- Birth control pills: Long-term use (5+ years) slightly increases risk, though this risk decreases after stopping.
- Having many children: Women who’ve had three or more full-term pregnancies have a higher risk.
- Young age at first full-term pregnancy: Women who were younger than 17 when they had their first full-term pregnancy are almost twice as likely to develop cervical cancer later in life.
- Family history: If your mother or sister had cervical cancer, your risk may be higher.
Screening saves lives, here’s what you need to know.
The remarkable thing about cervical cancer? It’s one of the most preventable cancers thanks to screening tests that can catch problems early. The two main screening tests are:
Pap test (Pap smear): Looks for precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix. During the test, your doctor collects cells from your cervix to examine under a microscope.
HPV test: Looks for the virus that can cause these cell changes.
Current guidelines from major medical organizations recommend:
- Women ages 21-29 should have a Pap test every 3 years.
- Women ages 30-65 should have both a Pap test and an HPV test (called “co-testing”) every 5 years, or a Pap test alone every 3 years.
- Women over 65 who’ve had regular screenings with normal results generally don’t need screening.
Remember though, these are general guidelines. Your doctor might recommend a different schedule based on your personal health history.
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The HPV vaccine: Prevention before you need treatment
The development of HPV vaccines has been a game-changer in cervical cancer prevention. The vaccine protects against the HPV types most likely to cause cervical cancer.
The CDC recommends routine vaccination for:
- All children (boys and girls) at age 11 or 12 (can start as early as age 9)
- Anyone through age 26 who hasn’t been vaccinated already
Even if you’re already sexually active, the vaccine can still protect you from HPV types you haven’t been exposed to yet. And no, getting the vaccine doesn’t mean you can skip your regular screenings, both approaches work together to provide the best protection.
If you’re diagnosed: Understanding treatment options
A cervical cancer diagnosis is scary, but treatment has come a long way. The approach depends on several factors, including the stage of cancer, your age, and whether you want to have children in the future.
Treatment options might include:
- Surgery: Ranging from removing just the cancerous tissue to a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and sometimes surrounding tissues).
- Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
- Targeted therapy: Newer drugs that specifically target cancer cells while causing less harm to normal cells.
Many women with early-stage cervical cancer go on to live long, healthy lives after treatment. The five-year survival rate for localized cervical cancer is around 92%.
Living with cervical cancer
Being diagnosed with cervical cancer changes your life. Beyond the physical challenges of treatment, the emotional impact can be significant. Many women experience anxiety, depression, concerns about fertility, changes in body image, and shifts in relationships.
Finding support through family, friends, or formal support groups can make a huge difference. Don’t hesitate to ask your healthcare team about resources available to you.
Taking charge of your cervical health
Knowledge is power when it comes to preventing cervical cancer. Make regular screening a non-negotiable part of your healthcare routine. Talk openly with your doctor about any concerns or symptoms. Consider the HPV vaccine if you’re eligible.
Small steps today, like scheduling that overdue Pap test or quitting smoking, can have a huge impact on your future health. Your cervix might be a small part of your body, but giving it the attention it deserves could save your life.
Disclaimer: This information is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and is for information only. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about your medical condition and/or current medication. Do not disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking advice or treatment because of something you have read here.
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