Scarlet Fever Signs, Symptoms, And Treatment

Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a bacterial illness that primarily affects children aged 5 to 15. This disease, caused by group A streptococcus bacteria, often follows strep throat or skin infections and is characterized by a red rash.¹ Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent complications.

Signs and Symptoms

The hallmark of scarlet fever is a bright red rash that feels like sandpaper. The rash usually starts on the face or neck and spreads to the trunk, arms, and legs.² Other symptoms include a high fever, red and sore throat, swollen neck glands, and a “strawberry tongue,” which appears red and bumpy. Additional symptoms may include headache, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

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Standard Treatment

Scarlet fever requires antibiotic treatment to kill the group A streptococcus bacteria. Penicillin and amoxicillin are the most commonly prescribed ones. Alternatives such as cephalexin or azithromycin may be used for those allergic to penicillin.³ It’s important to complete the entire course of antibiotics to prevent complications and a potential return.

Home Remedies for Strep Throat

While antibiotics are essential for treating scarlet fever, several home treatments can alleviate the symptoms of strep throat, which can develop into scarlet fever. These include:

1. Rest: Adequate rest helps the body fight the infection.⁴
2. Hydration: Drinking plenty of water keeps the throat moist and prevents dehydration.
3. Soft Foods: Consuming soothing foods like applesauce, yogurt, and mashed potatoes can ease throat pain.
4. Salt Water Gargle: Gargling with warm salt water can reduce throat discomfort and kill bacteria.
5. Raw Honey: Known for its antibacterial properties, honey can soothe a sore throat and reduce inflammation.
6. Humidifier: Adding moisture to the air with a humidifier can relieve throat irritation.

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Non-Medicated Ways to Manage Fever

Fever is a common symptom of scarlet fever and can be managed with the following non-medicated methods:

1. Cool Compresses: Applying a cool, damp cloth to the forehead can help reduce fever.
2. Lukewarm Baths: Soaking in a lukewarm bath can help lower body temperature.
3. Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids helps regulate body temperature.
4. Light Clothing: Dressing in light, breathable clothing can prevent overheating.

When to See a Doctor

It is important to consult a healthcare provider if your child exhibits any of the following symptoms:

1. A high fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
2. Difficulty swallowing or breathing
3. Severe headache or body aches
4. Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
5. Rash that does not improve or spreads

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Complications

If left untreated, scarlet fever can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic fever, which can damage the heart, joints, and nervous system, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, an inflammatory kidney condition.⁵ The bacteria can also spread to the tonsils, skin, blood, middle ear, and sinuses.

Prevention

Preventing the spread of scarlet fever involves good hygiene practices:

1. Hand Washing: Frequent and thorough hand washing with soap and water.
2. Avoid Sharing: Do not share eating utensils, drinking glasses, or personal items with an infected person.
3. Covering Mouth and Nose: Cough or sneeze into the elbow or a tissue to prevent the spread of bacteria.
4. Disinfecting Surfaces: Regularly clean surfaces that are frequently touched.

Conclusion

Scarlet fever, while less threatening today due to antibiotic treatments, still requires prompt medical attention to avoid complications. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early, following prescribed treatments, and using home remedies can help manage the condition effectively. Always consult a healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or do not improve.

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